Recent Advances in Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Question: Discuss about the Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Answer: i.: The epithelial cells are present in the mucosa layer of the intestine. In the small intestine, the epithelial cells take the form of villi. However, villi are not found in the colon. Epithelial cells in the skin are not in the form of villi. Although the skin is made up of epithelial cells, striated epithelial cells make up the morphology of the skin. The stratified squamous epithelium consisting of flattened epithelial cells are arranged layer after layer on a basal membrane. Structural integrity is maintained when layers adhere to each other, and the last layer adheres to the basal membrane (Peterson and Artis, 2014). ii. : In the human heart, connective tissues can be found which help maintain the structure of the heart and connect different muscles to each other supporting the functionality of the heart. While a covering of connective tissue protects the pericardium, a layer of single-layered epithelial tissue called simple squamous epithelium protects the heart (Wolkers, 2014). This layer also helps the blood move smoothly through the heart. Then there is the muscle tissue, which helps in the contractions of the heart. Lastly, there is the fibrous tissue, which builds up the heart valve. iii. : The bone is specifically built with the support of bone tissues. Bone tissue is a part of the connective tissue family. This kind of tissue contains huge amounts of calcium as well as phosphorous salts. There are two kinds of bone tissues namely the compact bone tissue and the spongy bone tissue. While the compact bone tissue consists of concentric rings of matrix surrounding the central canals, the spongy bone tissue can be identified with the help of its irregular latticework. The spaces in the compact bone tissues are embedded in the tissue and called lacunae whereas the spaces in the spongy bone tissues are filled with red bone marrow (Bose et al., 2012). iv. : The primary component of the nervous system is the nerve tissue which in turn is divided into two categories, the ones found in the central nervous system and one found in the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system comprises of tissues found in the brain as well as spinal cord (Prabhakaran et al., 2013). Whereas the peripheral nervous system comprises of tissues found in nerve cells, ganglia located in places other than the brain and fibers. The tissues in the brain and the spinal cord control speech, emotions as well as memory in the human body whereas the tissues in the peripheral system primarily connect the CNS with the other parts of the body. Reference Bose, S., Roy, M. and Bandyopadhyay, A., 2012. Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds.Trends in biotechnology,30(10), pp.546-554. Peterson, L.W. and Artis, D., 2014. Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis.Nat Rev Immunol,14(3), pp.141-153. Prabhakaran, M.P., Vatankhah, E. and Ramakrishna, S., 2013. Electrospun aligned PHBV/collagen nanofibers as substrates for nerve tissue engineering.Biotechnology and bioengineering,110(10), pp.2775-2784. Wolkers, W.F., 2014. C-19: Dry preservation of decellularized heart valve tissues.Cryobiology,69(3), p.507.